Pendekatan Modern dalam Performance Apraisal: Sebuah Tinjauan Sistematis atas Model dan Metode Penilaian Kinerja
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/jemsi.v7i2.7209Keywords:
Performance Appraisal Modern, HR Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Continuous Feedback, Systematic Literature Review, Performance Management 4.0Abstract
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan, mengevaluasi, dan mensintesis berbagai model dan teknik penilaian kinerja kontemporer yang telah berkembang selama lima tahun terakhir (2020–2025). Penelitian ini menganalisis sepuluh artikel ilmiah internasional dari jurnal berkualitas tinggi dari Scopus dan Web of Science dari Q1 hingga Q2. Metode Sistematic Literature Review (SLR), yang didasarkan pada pedoman PRISMA, digunakan. Proses seleksi dilakukan dalam empat tahap: identifikasi, penyaringan, penentuan kelayakan, dan inklusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paradigma penilaian kinerja telah berubah dari model administratif konvensional ke sistem yang bergantung pada teknologi, data, dan pembelajaran berkelanjutan. Tiga dimensi utama yang mendominasi pendekatan kontemporer adalah sebagai berikut: (1) digitalisasi dan integrasi teknologi melalui penggunaan analitik HR dan AI untuk meningkatkan objektivitas; (2) fokus pada pengembangan kompetensi dan perilaku melalui model hibrid yang menggabungkan penilaian kuantitatif dan kualitatif; dan (3) sistem umpan balik berkelanjutan (continuous feedback) yang menggantikan penilaian tahunan dengan evaluasi real-time dan kolaboratif. Secara teoretis, temuan penelitian ini mendukung gagasan Performance Management 4.0, yang menggunakan penilaian kinerja sebagai alat strategis untuk belajar tentang organisasi dan membuat keputusan berdasarkan bukti. Secara praktis, penelitian ini mengusulkan pembuatan sistem penilaian yang fleksibel, moral, dan berpusat pada manusia yang menyeimbangkan kebijaksanaan manusia dan kecerdasan buatan.
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